Journal: Cell & Bioscience

Article Title: The mechanisms by which hypothalamic neuroinflammation induced by neonatal cerebral ischemia–hypoxia leads to decreased thymic function via the HPA axis

doi: 10.1186/s13578-026-01543-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: HI induced the activations of TLR4/HMGB1/NF-κB signaling and microglia, leading to neuroinflammation in hypothalamus. A – B TNF-α and IL-1β on days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 after HI, n = 5–8. C Double immunofluorescence staining of Iba-1 and CD68. Scale bar = 20 μm. D Number of Iba-1 positive cells ( n = 4). E CD68 + / Iba-1 + cells rate ( n = 4). F – J CD11b, HMGB1, TLR4, p-P65-NF-κB and P65-NF-κB protein levels on day 7 after HI, n = 5. Data were expressed as the mean ± SD. Comparisons between the two groups were made using an unpaired T-test, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 versus Sham group.

Article Snippet: Serum hormone levels, along with hypothalamic tissue hormone and cytokine levels, were measured using CRH, ACTH, and CORT ELISA kits (Omnimabs, USA), as well as TNF-α and IL-1β ELISA kits (Proteintech, China), following the manufacturers’ instructions.

Techniques: Double Immunofluorescence Staining

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Dynorphin 1-17 and Its N-Terminal Biotransformation Fragments Modulate Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Nuclear Factor-kappa B Nuclear Translocation, Interleukin-1beta and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha in Differentiated THP-1 Cells

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153005

Figure Lengend Snippet: The LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells were treated with the N-terminal fragments of DYN 1–17 and U50,488H at 0.1 μM, 1 nM and 10 pM for 24 hr. The culture supernatants were collected and IL-1β and TNF-α release was measured using IL-1β and TNF-α AlphaLISA kit, respectively. The AlphaLISA signal was read using an Enspire-Alpha 2390 Multilabel Plate Reader. Non-stimulated THP-1 cells (NS) served as negative control. The release of IL-1β and TNF-α in each treatment group was normalised and expressed relative to LPS-stimulated control group. Data shown are the means ± S.E.M. of at least three independent experiments performed in triplicates. Statistical significance as denoted by * and # represent the IL-1β and TNF-α release between peptide-treated (solid-line) and LPS-stimulated control group or ML-190-treated group (dotted-line), respectively, p ≤ 0.05.

Article Snippet: The level of human IL-1β and TNF-α secretion was quantified using AlphaLISA kit (Perkin Elmer, VIC, Australia) according to the manufacturer’s protocol.

Techniques: Negative Control, Control